Words, Actions, Teachings Contrasted - William J. Federer
What motivates fundamental Muslims to violence? Much effort has gone into answering this.
One can examine the life of Jesus from the four Gospels. One can examine the life of Muhammad from the Quran, Hadith and sources like the Sirat Rasul Allah.
The Quran is a collection of private revelations Muhammad received between A.D. 610-632. Conflicting versions were passed down orally until Caliph Uthman standardized them around A.D. 650.The Hadith are stories about Muhammad passed down orally until Caliph Umar II began collecting them around A.D. 717-720.
The Sirat Rasul Allah, or "The Life of the Prophet of Allah," was written by Ibn Ishaq between A.D. 707-773 and preserved in copies by Ibn Hisham (d. 833) and al-Tabari (838-923). In 1861, Sir William Muir published an English translation, "The Life of Mahomet." Edward Rehatsek's translation, edited by Michael Edwardes, was presented to the Royal Asiatic Society of London in 1898. Oxford University published Alfred Guillaume's translation in 1955.A review of these resources reveal:
* Jesus was a religious leader.
* Muhammad was a religious leader and a military leader.
*Jesus never killed anyone.
* Muhammad killed an estimated 3,000 people, including beheading 700 Jews of the Banu Qurayza tribe in Medina, A.D. 627: "The Jews surrendered and the apostle confined them in Medina. Then the apostle went out to the market and dug trenches in it. Then he sent for them and struck off their heads in those trenches as they were brought out to him in batches. ... There were 600 or 700 in all, though some put the figure as high as 800 or 900. As they were being taken out in batches to the apostle they asked Ka'b what he thought would be done with them. He replied, 'Will you never understand? Don't you see that the summoner never stops and those who are taken away do not return? By Allah it is death!' This went on until the apostle made an end of them." (Sirat Rasul Allah)
*Jesus never owned slaves
.
* Muhammad received a fifth of the prisoners taken in battle, including women. (Sura 8:41)"Muhammad gave command and the heads of the two chiefs were severed from their bodies. The scene of torture and bloodshed was hardly ended when Muhammad sent Bilal to fetch the wife of Kinana. ... He cast his mantle around her in token that she was to be his own." (Conquest of Khaybar, A.D. 628, Sirat Rasul Allah)"The apostle occupied the Jewish forts taking prisoners as he went. Among these were Safiya, the wife of Kinana. The apostle chose Safiya for himself. The other prisoners were distributed among the Muslims." (Sirat Rasul Allah)"Married women are forbidden unto you, except those whom your right hands possess (taken in battle.)" (Sura 4:24)
* Jesus never married.
* Muhammad had many wives."Anas said, 'The prophet used to visit all his wives in an hour round, during the day and night and they were 11 in number.' I asked Anas, 'Had the prophet the strength for it?' Anas replied, 'We used to say that the prophet was given the strength of 30 (men).'" (Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 1, Bk. 5, No. 268)"Muhammad said: 'Woman can be married for religion, her fortune, or her beauty. So marry one for the religion.'" (Abu Issa al-Tarmidi, Sunan al-Tarmidi, Medina n.d., p.275, B: 4, H:1092)"Prophet, we have made lawful to you the slave girls whom Allah has given you as booty." (Sura 33:50). When Muhammad's behavior is reviewed, Muslim scholars point out that King David was also a prophet yet he killed people, owned slaves and had many wives.The response is still that Jesus never killed anyone, never owned slaves and never married. David only wanted a small piece of land. There is no Bible command for Jews to subdue the world.
* Jesus never forced followers to continue believing
. After Jesus made a difficult saying, "many of his disciples went back and walked no more with him. Then Jesus said to the twelve, 'Will ye also go away?' Then Simon Peter answered him, 'Lord, to whom shall we go? Thou hast the words of eternal life.'" (John 6:31-69)
* Muhammad forced followers to continue believing, "Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him." (Hadith al-Bukhari, Vol. 9, Bk. 84, No. 57)
* Jesus taught God was our Father
(Matthew 6:10). * Muhammad taught it was blasphemy to call Allah your father (Sura 5:18) * Jesus taught man was made in God's image. (Matthew 22:20, ref. Gen. 1:26-27)
* Muhammad taught Allah has no image. (Sura 42:11, Sura 112:4)
* Jesus taught "forgive those who trespass against you
." (Matthew 6:10-15) *
* Muhammad taught to avenge trespasses against your honor, family or religion."Narrated Anas bin Malik: 'On the day of the Conquest, the Prophet entered Mecca, wearing a helmet on his head. When he took it off, a man came and said, "Ibn Khatal is clinging to the curtain of the Ka'ba." The Prophet said, "Kill him."'" (Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari Vol. 5, Book 59, No. 582)"Ibn Khatal ... had two slave girls who used to sing for him and for his companions songs full of abuse of the Prophet. The Prophet's instructions specified that the two slave girls should also be killed. Another (to be kiilled) was al-Huwayrith Nuqaydh Wahb Qusayy, one of those who used to insult him in Mecca." (Sirat Rasul Allah)
* Jesus never tortured anyone.
* Muhammad tortured the chief of a Jewish tribe.“Kinana had been guardian of the tribe's treasures, and he was brought before the apostle, who asked where they were hidden. But Kinana refused to disclose the place. The apostle of Allah handed him over to al-Zubayr, saying, 'Torture him until he tells what he knows', and al-Zubayr kindled a fire on his chest so that he almost expired; then the apostle gave him to Muhammad b. Maslama, who struck off his head.” (Sirat Rasul Allah)
* Jesus did not retaliate when violence was committed against him
, saying "Father, forgive them." (Luke 23:34)* Muhammad retaliated when violence was committed against him, ordering the death of his enemies.
"Muhammad sent Abdullah to use diplomacy to gain an opportunity to assassinate Sofyan. Abdullah went forth, pretending to be on his Sofyan's side, and when the moment was right, cut off his head. He carried it to Muhammad, who was in the Mosque in Medina. Muhammad was so gratified, he gave the assassin his staff, saying: 'This shall be a token betwixt you and me on the day of resurrection. Verily, few on that day shall have anything to lean upon.'" (Sirat Rasul Allah)."Ibn Sa'd Tabaqat reported: 'The apostle of Allah entered through Adhakhir into Mecca. He ordered six men and four women to be killed." (Kitab al-Tabaqat, written by Ibn Sa'd (A.D. 745-845), Vol. 2, p. 168.)
* Following Jesus was voluntary, from the inside out
.
* Following Muhammad could be coerced, from the outside in."Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission and feel themselves subdued." (Sura 9:29)
* A martyr in Christian and Jewish thought is one who dies for his faith.
* A martyr in Islamic thought is one who dies for his faith while killing infidels."Narrated Abu Huraira: 'The Prophet said, "The person who participates in (holy battles) in Allah's cause and nothing compels him to do so except belief in Allah and His Apostles, will be recompensed by Allah either with a reward or booty (if he survives) or will be admitted to Paradise (if he is killed in the battle as a martyr)."'"(Hadith al-Bukhari Vol 1, Bk 2, #35)
* Christianity teaches God wants a personal relationship with each individual
.
* Islam teaches individuals cannot have a personal relationship with Allah, as he is transcendent and unknowable.
* Jesus' religion is known for forgiveness and love
.
* Muhammad's religion is known for obedience and fear.
* None of Jesus' Apostles led armies.
A village did not receive Jesus "and when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, 'Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven and consume them, even as Elias did?' But he turned and rebuked them, and said, 'Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of. For the Son of man is not come to destroy men's lives, but to save them.'" (Luke 9:52-56)
* All of the caliphs who followed Muhammad led armies. (Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Muawiyya, the Umayyads, the Abbasids, etc.)
*
In the first 300 years of Christianity, there were 10 major Roman persecutions, and Christians were fed to lions in the Coliseum. Never did Christians lead an armed resistance against those who attacked them.
* In the first 300 years of Islam, Muslim armies conquered Arabia, Persia, the Holy Land, North Africa, Spain, Southern France, Central Africa, and invaded vast areas of Asia and Asia Minor. Fighting is inconsistent with Jesus' example but not Muhammad's, as the Sirat Rasul Allah records Muhammad personally led 27 raids, including Battle of Badr, 624 AD; Battle of Uhud and expulsion of Banu Nadir, 625 AD; Attack on Banu Mustaliq, 626 AD; Battle of the Trench and killing Banu Qurayza, 627 AD; Battle of Khaybar, 628 AD; Battle of Mu’tah, 629 AD; Conquest of Mecca, Battle of Hunayn, Battle of Auras and Siege of al-Ta’if, where Mohammed used a catapult, 630 AD; Battle of Tabouk, Subjugation of Banu Thaqif (Yemen) and subjugation of Ghassanids (Arab Christians), 631 AD.
* Jesus' teachings on how to treat enemies:
Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, pray for them which despitefully use you (Matthew 5:44). Resist not evil (Matthew 5:39). If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to them the other (Matthew 5:39). If someone takes your coat, give them your shirt (Matthew 5:40). If someone make you carry something one mile, carry it two (Matthew 5:41). Forgive and you shall be forgiven (Matthew 6:14). Judge not, that ye be not judged (Matthew 7:1). Blessed are the peacemakers (Matthew 5:9). Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy (Matthew 5:7). Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt not kill, but I say who ever is angry with his brother is in danger of the judgment (Matthew 5:21-22). Treat others the same way you want them to treat you (Luke 6:27-36). Feed the hungry, clothe the naked, visit the sick, whatever you do to the very least you have done unto me (Matthew 25:40).
* Muhammad's teaching on how to treat enemies: Infidels are your sworn enemies (Sura 4:101). Be ruthless to the infidels (Sura 48:29). Make war on the infidels who dwell around you (Sura 9:123, 66:9). Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day (Sura 9:29). Strike off the heads of infidels in battle (Sura 47:4). If someone stops believing in Allah, kill him (al-Bukhari 9:84:57). Take neither the Jews nor the Christians for your friends (Sura 5:51, 60:13). Never be a helper to the disbelievers (Sura 28:86). Kill the disbelievers wherever we find them (Sura 2:191). No Muslim should be killed for killing an infidel (al-Bukhari 1:3:111). The only reward of those who make war upon Allah and His messenger will be that they will be killed or crucified, or have their hands and feet on alternate sides cut off, or will be expelled out of the land (Sura 5:33).
What motivates fundamental Muslims to violence? Where Jesus was a religious leader, Muhammad was a religious leader and a military leader, thus the effort to separate the militant aspect of Islam from the religious aspect is an attempt to split Muhammad.
The closer one follows the example of Jesus, the more peaceful is one's motivation.
The closer one follows example of Muhammad, the more militant is one's motivation.
